Who Changes Their Name To Cesar Augustus

Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus

Born	September 23, 63 B.C.E., Rome
Accession	January 16, 27 B.C.E.
Died	August 19, 14 C.E., Nola
Predecessor	none (heir to Julius Caesar)
Successor	Tiberius, stepson by 3rd wife and adoptive son
Spouse(southward)	1) Clodia Pulchra d xl B.C.E. 2) Scribonia 40 B.C.E. – 38 B.C.E. iii) Livia Drusilla 38 B.C.E. to 14 C.Eastward.
Issue	Julia the Elder
Father	Gaius Octavius
Female parent	Atia Balba Caesonia
Dynasty	Julio-Claudian

Augustus (Latin: IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS) (September 23, 63 B.C.E. – xiv C.East.), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English, Octavian), for the period of his life prior to 27 B.C.East., was the offset and among the about important of the Roman Emperors.

Although he preserved the outward form of the Roman Republic, he ruled as an autocrat for more than 40 years and his dominion is the dividing line between the Democracy and the Roman Empire. He ended a century of civil wars and gave Rome an era of peace, prosperity, and imperial greatness, known as the Pax Romana, "Roman peace." Over the next four-hundred years, Rome would establish municipalities across Western Europe and North Africa, build roads, public buildings, and construct the infrastructure of governance that still provides the basis of modern political systems. Augustus was concerned with public morality, and enacted legislation. He was a smashing believer in what he thought of equally "republican values," such as hard work, field of study, obedience, piety, and the appreciation of fine art and civilisation. He encouraged spousal relationship, giving tax concessions to couples with children, made adultery a crime, and he also restricted luxury and extravagance. He believed that peace depended on citizens faithfully performing their religious duties. He became caput of the state cult (pontifex maximus) likewise as temporal ruler. He increased the length of tenure of provincial governors because this proved to provide more than stability. Throughout Europe, many different people gained a sense of belonging to the same world, governed by the same moral code and Roman police force. This sense of a mutual European home continued to inform European thought even in the Dark Ages and notwithstanding contributes to European identity today. When the founders of the U.s. decided to establish the role of President, they spoke of inaugurating an "Augustan Age." This refers both to the Augustan peace and to the high cultural achievement of his era, when many poems and texts on such themes as patriotism, the world of nature, and history were dedicated to him.

Contents

• 1 Early life
• two Rising to power
• 3 Octavian becomes Augustus: The cosmos of the Principate
  • 3.1 The first settlement
  • 3.2 The 2nd settlement
• iv Death and Succession
• v Legacy
  • 5.1 Month
  • 5.two Building projects
• 6 Augustus in popular culture
  • half-dozen.i Boob tube
  • 6.2 Literature
• 7 Notes
• 8 References
• 9 External links
• 10 Credits

During his reign, Virgil's Aeneid was completed, equally were Horace's Odes (Books I-3), among other classical works of significance.

Early life

He was born in Rome (or Velletri) on September 23, 63 B.C.East., with the name Gaius Octavius. His father, also Gaius Octavius, came from a respectable but undistinguished family of the equestrian order and was governor of Republic of macedonia. Shortly afterwards Octavius'southward nativity, his father gave him the surname of Thurinus, possibly to commemorate the Macedonian victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves. His female parent, Atia, was the niece of Gaius Julius Caesar, soon to be Rome'southward most successful general and Dictator. He spent his early years in his grandfather'due south house near Veletrae (mod Velletri). In 58 B.C.E., when he was 4 years old, his father died. He spent most of his remaining childhood in the business firm of his stepfather, Lucius Marcius Philippus.

In 51 B.C.Eastward., when he was eleven years old, Octavius delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother, Julia Caesaris (sister of Julius Caesar), elderberry sister of Caesar. He put on the toga virilis at xv, and was elected to the College of Pontiffs. Caesar requested that Octavius join his staff for his campaign in Africa, just his mother protested that he was too young. The post-obit year (46 B.C.E.), she consented for him to join Caesar in Hispania, but he fell ill and was unable to travel. When he had recovered, he sailed to the front, just was shipwrecked. After coming ashore with a handful of companions, he made information technology across hostile territory to Caesar's camp, which impressed his groovy-uncle considerably. Caesar and Octavius returned home in the same carriage, and Caesar secretly changed his will.

Rise to power

When Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (the 15th) 44 B.C.E., Octavius was studying in Apollonia, Illyria. When Caesar's will was read it revealed that, having no legitimate children, he had adopted his great-nephew as his son and principal heir. By virtue of his adoption, Octavius assumed the name Gaius Julius Caesar. Roman tradition dictated that he also suspend the surname Octavianus (Octavian) to signal his biological family unit; however, no show exists that he ever used that name. Mark Antony later charged that he had earned his adoption past Caesar through sexual favors, though Lives of the Twelve Caesars scribe, Suetonius, describes Antony'south allegation equally political slander.^[1]

Octavian recruited a pocket-sized force in Apollonia. Crossing over to Italian republic, he bolstered his personal forces with Caesar's veteran legionaries, gathering back up past emphasizing his status every bit heir to Caesar. Only eighteen years old, he was consistently underestimated past his rivals for power.

In Rome, he institute Mark Antony and the Optimates led by Marcus Tullius Cicero in an uneasy truce. After a tense collision, and a war in Cisalpine Gaul after Antony tried to take control of the province from Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, he formed an alliance with Marking Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus {a triumvir), Caesar's chief colleagues. The iii formed junta called the 2d Triumvirate, an explicit grant of special powers lasting v years and supported by constabulary, unlike the unofficial First Triumvirate of Gnaeus Pompey Magnus, Caesar, and Marcus Licinius Crassus.^[2]

The triumvirs then set in motility proscriptions in which 300 senators and 2,000 of the Equestrian order or equites were deprived of their belongings and, for those who failed to escape, their lives. Going across a elementary purge of those allied with the assassins, the triumvirs were probably motivated by a need to raise money to pay their troops.^[3]

Antony and Octavian then marched against Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius, who had fled to the east. After two battles at Philippi in Macedonia, the Caesarian army was victorious and Brutus and Cassius committed suicide (42 B.C.E.). Subsequently the battle, a new arrangement was made between the members of the Second Triumvirate: While Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went to Egypt where he allied himself with Cleopatra Vii, the one-time lover of Julius Caesar and mother of Caesar'due south infant son, Caesarion. Lepidus, at present conspicuously marked as an unequal partner, settled for the province of Africa.

While in Egypt, Antony had an affair with Cleopatra that resulted in the birth of three children, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene (II), and Ptolemy Philadelphus. Antony subsequently left Cleopatra to brand a strategic marriage with Octavian's sis, Octavia Pocket-sized, in 40 B.C.E. During their marriage Octavia gave birth to two daughters, both named Antonia. In 37 B.C.E., Antony deserted Octavia and went back to Egypt and Cleopatra. The Roman dominions were then divided between Octavian in the Due west and Antony in the East.

Antony occupied himself with armed services campaigns in the Eastward and a romantic affair with Cleopatra; Octavian built a network of allies in Rome, consolidated his power, and spread propaganda implying that Antony was becoming less than Roman because of his preoccupation with Egyptian affairs and traditions. The situation grew more and more than tense, and finally, in 32 B.C.E., the senate officially declared war on "the Strange Queen," to avoid the stigma of yet some other ceremonious war. It was quickly decided. In the bay of Actium on the western coast of Greece, after Antony'due south men began deserting, the fleets met in a great boxing in which many ships burned and thousands on both sides lost their lives. Octavian defeated his rivals, who then fled to Arab republic of egypt. He pursued them, and following another defeat, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra also committed suicide subsequently her upcoming role in Octavian's Triumph was "advisedly explained to her," and Caesarion was "butchered without attrition." Octavian supposedly said "two Caesars are ane too many" as he ordered Caesarion'southward death.^[iv]

Octavian becomes Augustus: The cosmos of the Principate

Did you know?

Augustus Caesar ended a century of civil wars and gave Rome an era of peace, prosperity, and imperial greatness, known every bit the Pax Romana, "Roman peace"

Augustus as a magistrate.

The Western half of the Roman Republic territory had sworn fidelity to Octavian prior to Actium in 31 B.C.East., and after Actium and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, the Eastern half followed accommodate, placing Octavian in the position of ruler of the Republic. Years of civil war had left Rome in a land of near-lawlessness, but the Commonwealth was not prepared to take the command of Octavian as a autocrat. At the same time, Octavian could not but surrender his say-so without risking further civil wars amongst the Roman generals, and fifty-fifty if he desired no position of authority whatsoever, his position demanded that he look to the well-existence of the city and provinces. Disbanding his personal forces, Octavian held elections and took upward the position of delegate; as such, though he had given upward his personal armies, he was now legally in command of the legions of Rome.

The get-go settlement

In 27 B.C.E., Octavian officially returned power to the Roman Senate, and offered to relinquish his own military supremacy over Aegyptus.

Reportedly, the proffer of Octavian'southward stepping down equally consul led to rioting among the Plebeians in Rome. A compromise was reached betwixt the Senate and Octavian'southward supporters, known as the Commencement Settlement. Octavian was given proconsular dominance over the Western one-half and Syria. The provinces combined contained nigh 70 percent of the Roman legions.

The Senate too gave him the titles Augustus and Princeps. Augustus was a title of religious rather than political authority. In the mindset of contemporary religious beliefs, information technology would have cleverly symbolized a postage of authority over humanity that went beyond any constitutional definition of his condition. Additionally, after the harsh methods employed in consolidating his command, the change in name would too serve to separate his benign reign as Augustus from his reign of terror every bit Octavian. Princeps translates to "first-denizen" or "first-leader." It had been a championship under the Democracy for those who had served the state well. For case, Pompey had held the title.

In add-on, and perchance the well-nigh dangerous innovation, the Roman Senate granted Augustus the right to wear the Borough Crown of laurel and oak. This crown was commonly held above the head of a Roman full general during a Roman Triumph, with the private property the crown charged to continually repeat, "Think, thou fine art mortal," to the triumphant general. The fact that not only was Augustus awarded this crown but awarded the right to actually wear it upon his head is mayhap the clearest indication of the creation of a monarchy. However, it must exist noted that none of these titles, or the Civic Crown, granted Octavian any boosted powers or authority. For all intents and purposes the new Augustus was simply a highly-honored Roman citizen, holding the consulship.

These actions were highly abnormal from the Roman Senate, only this was non the same body of patricians that had murdered Caesar. Both Antony and Octavian had purged the Senate of doubtable elements and planted information technology with their loyal partisans. How costless a hand the Senate had in these transactions, and what back room deals were made, remain unknown.

The 2nd settlement

In 23 B.C.E., Augustus renounced the consulship, but retained his consular imperium, leading to a second compromise between Augustus and the Senate, known equally the Second Settlement. Augustus was granted the power of a tribune (tribunicia potestas), though non the title, which immune him to convene the Senate and people at will and lay business before it, veto the actions of either the Assembly or the Senate, preside over elections, and the right to speak first at any meeting. Besides included in Augustus' tribunician authorisation were powers unremarkably reserved for the Roman censor. These included the correct to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure they were in the public interest, too as the ability to concord a demography and make up one's mind the membership of the Senate. No Tribune of Rome had held these powers previously, and at that place was no precedent within the Roman organisation for combining the powers of the Tribune and the Censor into a single position, nor was Augustus always elected to the part of Censor. Whether censorial powers were granted to Augustus as part of his tribunician potency, or he simply causeless these responsibilities, is still a matter of debate.

In addition to tribunician authority, Augustus was granted sole imperium within the city of Rome itself: All armed forces in the city, formerly under the control of the Praefects, were now nether the sole dominance of Augustus. Additionally, Augustus was granted imperium proconsulare maius, or "imperium over all the proconsuls," which translated to the correct to interfere in any province and override the decisions of any governor. With maius imperium, Augustus was the only individual able to receive a triumph as he was ostensibly the head of every Roman ground forces.

Many of the political subtleties of the Second Settlement seem to take evaded the comprehension of the Plebeian class. When, in 22 B.C.Eastward., Augustus failed to stand for election every bit consul, fears arose once over again that Augustus, seen as the great "defender of the people," was existence forced from power past the aristocratic Senate. In 22, 21, and 20 B.C.E., the people rioted in response, and just allowed a single consul to be elected for each of those years, ostensibly to exit the other position open for Augustus. Finally, in 19 B.C.E., the Senate voted to allow Augustus to wearable the consul's insignia in public and before the Senate, with an act sometimes known as the 3rd Settlement. This seems to have assuaged the populace; regardless of whether or not Augustus was actually a delegate, the importance was that he appeared as 1 before the people.

With these powers in heed, it must be understood that all forms of permanent and legal ability within Rome officially lay with the Senate and the people; Augustus was given extraordinary powers, but only as a pronconsul and magistrate under the potency of the Senate. Augustus never presented himself every bit a rex or despot, once more but allowing himself to be addressed past the title princeps. After the expiry of Lepidus in thirteen B.C.E., he additionally took up the position of pontifex maximus, the high priest of the collegium of the Pontifices, the most important position in Roman faith.

Afterward Roman Emperors would generally exist limited to the powers and titles originally granted to Augustus, though frequently, in order to brandish humility, newly appointed Emperors would frequently decline 1 or more of the honorifics given to Augustus. Just as often, equally their reign progressed, Emperors would appropriate all of the titles, regardless of whether they had really been granted by the Senate. The Civic Crown, consular insignia, and later on the purple robes of a Triumphant general (toga picta) became the regal insignia well into the Byzantine era, and were fifty-fifty adopted by many Germanic tribes invading the former Western empire as insignia of their right to rule.

Death and Succession

Augustus' control of power throughout the Empire was so absolute that it immune him to name his successor, a custom that had been abandoned and derided in Rome since the foundation of the Republic. At start, indications pointed toward his sister'due south son, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who had been married to Augustus' daughter Julia the Elder. However, Marcellus died of nutrient poisoning in 23 B.C.E. Reports of later historians that this poisoning, and other later deaths, were caused past Augustus' wife, Livia Drusilla, are inconclusive at best.

Afterwards the expiry of Marcellus, Augustus married his daughter to his right mitt human, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. This matrimony produced five children, three sons and 2 daughters: Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, Vipsania Julia, Agrippina the Elder, and Postumus Agrippa, and so named because he was born after Marcus Agrippa died. Augustus' intent to make the get-go 2 children his heirs was apparent when he adopted them equally his own children. Augustus also showed favor to his stepsons, Livia's children from her first marriage, Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus and Tiberius Claudius, later on they had conquered a large portion of Germany.

Afterward Agrippa died in 12 B.C.E., Livia's son Tiberius divorced his own wife and married Agrippa's widow. Tiberius shared in Augustus' tribune powers, but shortly thereafter went into retirement. Later on the early deaths of both Gaius and Lucius in 4 and two C.E. respectively, and the earlier death of his brother Drusus (9 B.C.E.), Tiberius was recalled to Rome, where he was adopted by Augustus.

On August 19, 14 B.C.E., Augustus died. Postumus Agrippa and Tiberius had been named co-heirs. However, Postumus had been banished, and was put to expiry effectually the same time. The one who ordered his expiry is unknown, simply the way was clear for Tiberius to assume the same powers that his stepfather had.

Augustus' famous last words to his friends were, "Since well I've played my part, all handclapping your hands, and from the stage dismiss me with adulation"—a common Greek ending to comedies, referring to the play-acting and regal authority that he had put on as emperor. He died kissing his wife Livia, uttering these concluding words: "Live mindful of our spousal relationship, Livia, and bye."^[v]

Legacy

The famous statue of Augustus at the Prima Porta

Augustus was deified soon after his death, and both his borrowed surname, Caesar, and his championship Augustus became the permanent titles of the rulers of Rome for the side by side 400 years, and were still in use at Constantinople fourteen centuries subsequently his death. In many languages, caesar became the discussion for "emperor," as in German (Kaiser), in Dutch (keizer), and in Russian (Tsar). The cult of the Divine Augustus connected until the country organized religion of the Empire was changed to Christianity in the fourth century. Consequently, at that place are many excellent statues and busts of the get-go, and in some ways the greatest, of the emperors. Augustus' mausoleum originally contained bronze pillars inscribed with a record of his life, the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, which had also been disseminated throughout the empire during his lifetime.

Many consider Augustus to be Rome'due south greatest emperor; his policies certainly extended the empire's life span and initiated the historic Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. He was handsome, intelligent, decisive, and a shrewd politician, just he was not perhaps equally charismatic as Julius Caesar or Mark Antony. Notwithstanding, his legacy proved more enduring. He spent a lot of time reorganizing the army and the administration. He organized the army into 25 legions, each of which had half-dozen,100 human foot and 726 horse and this remained the strength of the army for 400 years. Consuls and Tribunes were still elected. He himself lived a modest life-style and appeared anxious to be seen as on the aforementioned level as his subjects, or citizens. He disliked luxury and wore the plain dress of an ordinary Senator. He was especially broken-hearted to restore the sanctity of marriage.

In looking back on the reign of Augustus and its legacy to the Roman globe, its longevity should not be overlooked as a key factor in its success. As one aboriginal historian says, people were born and reached middle age without knowing any form of government other than the Principate. Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 B.C.E., for example), matters may take turned out differently. The attrition of the civil wars on the one-time Republican oligarchy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a de facto monarchy in these years. Augustus' own feel, his patience, his tact, and his political acumen also played their parts. He directed the hereafter of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a continuing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the majuscule at the emperor'southward expense.

Augustus' ultimate legacy was the peace and prosperity the empire enjoyed for the side by side two centuries under the organisation he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor, and although every emperor adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, only a handful, such as Trajan, earned genuine comparing with him. His reign laid the foundations of a regime that would last for 250 years.

Caesar Augustus is briefly mentioned in the New Testament at Luke 2:1. As the emperor at the fourth dimension of Christ's birth, he may be seen equally having been providentially ordained to establish a peaceful and prosperous environs for the worldwide expansion of Christ's kingdom.

Month

The month of August (Latin Augustus) is named after Augustus; until his time it was called Sextilis (the sixth month of the Roman calendar). Usually repeated lore has it that August has 31 days because Augustus wanted his month to match the length of Julius Caesar's July, but this is an invention of the thirteenth century scholar Johannes de Sacrobosco. Sextilis in fact had 31 days before information technology was renamed, and it was not chosen for its length (see Julian calendar). According to Macrobius, Sextilis was called because it was in that month that Augustus outset had been elected delegate, Egypt had become function of the Roman empire, and the ceremonious wars ended. Also, the 8th month was appropriate for someone who earlier had been named Octavian.^[6]

Building projects

Augustus boasted that he "establish Rome brick and left it marble." Although this did not apply to the Subura slums, which were even so as rickety and fire-prone as ever, he did leave a mark on the awe-inspiring topography of the center and of the Campus Martius, with the Ara Pacis sundial using an obelisk of Rome, the Temple of Caesar, the Forum of Augustus with its Temple of Mars Ultor, and also other projects either encouraged by him such as the Theatre of Balbus, Agrippa'due south construction of the Pantheon or funded by him in the name of others, oft relations, for example the Portico of Octavia, Theatre of Marcellus. Even his ain mausoleum was built earlier his decease to house members of his family.

Augustus in popular civilisation

Augustus was ranked #eighteen on Michael H. Hart's "The 100 list of the most influential figures in history."

Television

• Augustus was played by Roland Culver in the BBC miniseries of 1968, The Caesars.
• Augustus was portrayed in the famous BBC dramatization of Robert Graves' novel I, Claudius by Brian Blessed. (1975)
• Augustus was portrayed in the motion-picture show Imperium: Augustus (function of thw Imperium movie series) by Peter O'Toole. (2003)
• In the HBO television serial, Rome (2005), Gaius Octavian is portrayed by Max Pirkis. However, in the series, he is wrongly referred to as Octavian, while his name at that time would take been Octavius.
• Augustus was portrayed by Santiago Cabrera in an ABC miniseries called Empire (2005), which took place after the bump-off of Caesar.

Literature

• Augustus was a central graphic symbol in The Sandman #30, "August."

Notes

1. ↑ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars: Augustus. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
2. ↑ H.H. Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero (London: Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0415025273), p. 163.
3. ↑ Scullard, p. 164.
4. ↑ Robert Green, Julius Caesar (London: Franklin Watts, 1997, ISBN 0531158128), p. 697.
5. ↑ Suetonius, The Life of Augustus The Lives of the Caesars. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
6. ↑ Macrobius, Saturnalia Volume I: Books 1-2. ed. and trans. Robert A. Kaster. (Loeb Classical Library; Bilingual edition, 2011, ISBN 978-0674996496).

References

ISBN links back up NWE through referral fees

• Green, Robert. Julius Caesar. London: Franklin Watts, 1997. ISBN 0531158128
• Macrobius. Saturnalia, Book I: Books i-two. Edited and translated by Robert A. Kaster. Loeb Classical Library; Bilingual edition, 2011. ISBN 978-0674996496
• Scullard, H.H. From the Gracchi to Nero. London: Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0415025273
• Suetonius, Gaius Tranquillus. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. BiblioLife, 2009. ISBN 978-0559102509

External links

All links retrieved November thirty, 2021.

• The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of Augustus, his own account: complete Latin and Greek texts with facing English translation)
• Suetonius' biography of Augustus, Latin text with English translation
• Cassius Dio'south Roman History: Books 45‑56, English translation
• Life of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus
• De Imperatoribus Romanis
• Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana

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